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美國矽谷銀行出事前原後果及影響

美國矽谷銀行出事,要美國政府出手拯救,拖累一眾銀行股受壓。事實上2008年金融風暴,由金融業出事引爆,之後銀行股冇運行,經濟差、各地政府對金融業推出好多史無前例咁嚴格的監管,直至早幾年才鬆綁。今次矽谷銀行的問題又有多少的影響呢?

矽谷銀行出事的前因後果

美國的矽谷銀行Silicon Valley Bank (SVB)是一間商業銀行,主要為科技及生命科技公司、風險投資和私募基金服務,包括提供各種金融服務如商業貸款、現金管理及國際銀行業務往來等等。它的母公司是上市公司SVB Financial(SIVB)。

SVB出事主要是營運方式及管理資產出問題。在科網股興盛嘅時候,這間矽谷銀行生意當然唔憂做,借錢比唔少科技公司及投資在科技公司的私募基金,另一方面,科技公司賺到唔少錢,將錢存放在矽谷銀行,這樣就令到銀行業務蒸蒸日上,又有水喉又有出路。

不過好景不常,呢兩年利息不斷上升,打擊科技行業,科技股大跌令到籌錢更加困難,科技公司只好從銀行提取現金應付日常的營運,以致銀行存款少了。 市場環境逆轉了,所以這間矽谷銀行就遇到問題,借錢出去的科技公司唔知幾時會還錢,另一方面科技公司的存款縮水,銀行的資金周轉亦會有些問題。

早年經濟環境好的時候,矽谷銀行擁有大量存款,銀行就大量投資在長期債券,這些債券多屬政府債券,資產質素其實係唔差。不過,去年加息步伐越來越快,債市裡頭新發行的債券利息比舊債的息高,引發舊債吸引力下降,推低了債券價格。這樣SVB的資產就不斷縮水,為保持一定資產水平(監管有要求),SVB要變賣資產及發行股票籌錢。

SVB在3月8日星期三發公告,話變賣210億美元證券投資組合,當中勁蝕18億美元,為填補這個大洞,正考慮發售新股及優先股合共籌22.5億美元。

SVB這個舉措震驚了市場並引發恐慌,股價星期四插水六成,加上又有基金唱淡,以及KOL倡議要提款,唔少人跟風,令問題火上加油,客戶單在星期五一天內提取了420億美元,佔銀行存款總額的四分之一,銀行當然做唔到,矽谷銀行問題越搞越大,最後政府急急出手接管。

事件後遺症有幾大?

事件發生好快、好急,48小時之內就好似唔同晒,這是美國史上第二大銀行倒閉事件。不過,睇到矽谷銀行問題的本質,唔似係一個系統性(廣泛性)的問題,出事原因一,業務側重近年走弱的科技業,二是資產組合太側重收益低、流動性又低的長債身上,兩個情況一齊出事,咁就大問題。

影響有幾大?

1. 科技業
矽谷銀行主要客戶是科技公司、風險投資和私募基金,客戶對類似業務的銀行,信心必然大打折扣,這類主攻創科公司的銀行,生意及籌錢能力又會受影響,這樣下去,科技公司籌錢就更加唔易,經營可謂雪上加霜。科技公司資金緊張,生意和發展受限制,不單止初創或中小型科技公司,連針對科企或雲端業務的大企業,生意都無可避免有影響。

2. 銀行業
SVB出事,一眾的美國銀行股,股價都被人質低。不過大銀行的情況冇咁差,至少銀行有廣泛存戶的存款基礎。雖然話可能係個別事件,但銀行業經過多年,先至走出了金融風暴的陰霾和影響,政府才慢慢把管制放寬,近幾年先可以增加派息和回購股份,今次事件會否又令到政府再次收緊銀行業的監管呢?要看看有冇壞消息再出現。

圖:美國四大銀行(摩根大通、美國銀行、富銀行公司及花旗集團公司)今年以來股價表現

(13/3/2023)

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