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拆解ETF運作 唔好搶貴貨

市場引頸以待的科技指數ETF,其中第一隻南方東英恒生科技指數ETF(03033)搶先在上星期五(28/8/2020)首日上市,隨即出現第一滴血,心急的投資者開市就「嘜」高買入價,在高位入市,結果股價又越過高山又越過谷,升到20元之後,從高位勁插六成😭,有人蝕得唔少,這種衝動入市反映大家不太清楚ETF的運作。

買ETF唔使搶,ETF可以源源不絕咁供應,價格的升跌,主要取消於所追蹤指數的成份股表現而定。例如阿里巴巴(9988)、美團(3690)等主要成份股大升,科技指數ETF價便會升,相反就跟跌。

今次簡單介紹一下ETF的運作,讓大家了解一下如何選擇較公平的價格入市。

試想像一下,一間糖果店,把銷售的各類糖果🍭🍬🍭,包裝成一盒靚靚的雜錦糖禮盒🎁賣出去。當禮盒銷量上升📈,預早整好的禮盒一推出就沽清,糖果店可以再來一次,把各式的糖果再包裝成禮盒,不斷推出市場賣🛒🛒🛒。

相反,禮盒賣唔出,就把禮盒拆散,把裡面的糖果放回原處分開來賣。這樣禮盒的數量會減少。

ETF可以組裝及拆散

同樣地,ETF好多都是追蹤指數的基金,指數有多少隻股票,ETF就按比例持有多少隻股票。這些基金隨時可以透過吸納相關股票組裝出來,也可以把基金拆散,把裡面的股票放回市場賣。

以下是ETF在一手(新股)及二手(舊股)市場的買賣操作。

1. 發行商推出某隻ETF時,會同時委任市場莊家,負責睇住買賣情況。

2. 當該ETF需求上升,股價高過ETF的資產值(即是把成份股凑合一起的平均單位價值),市場莊家可以在外邊買齊指數成份股,交予發行商(或俾錢發行商),換取ETF,再把這批新增的ETF賣俾散戶。由於ETF的市價高於莊家組裝ETF的價值,莊家可以從中獲利。

3. 相反,如果ETF冇需求,散戶「嘜」低價錢沽售都沒有人接貨,這時市場莊家可以出手接貨,把收回來的ETF賣番俾發行商,莊家可以收錢,或收番指數成份股股份。由於莊家是低價接貨,莊家都可以有錢賺。

圖1:ETF莊家操作(圖片來源-港交所)

這樣透過莊家的買賣操作,令到ETF的流動較有彈性。一隻ETF可以有幾個市場莊家,這樣有競爭,唔使等太大的差價出現,莊家才出手。

ETF供應可以源源不絕

由於ETF是一個開放型基金,基金數量可以源源不絕的供應,所以我們買賣的時候,不用太擔心好像普通股票一樣,出現求過於供,令到股價好像坐火箭大幅急升。最重要的就是留意ETF的資產淨值(NAV),股價高於資產值,即買貴了貨(溢價),低於資產值,就是入了平貨(折讓)。不過,可能因為ETF買賣太旺盛,莊家做唔切,出現溢價或折讓也不足為奇。


圖2:ETF溢價及折讓 (圖片來源-港交所)

此外,有些時候,造成一隻ETF偏離它的資產淨值,除了市場對ETF的需求之外,也可能在管理基金方面欠缺一些效率。

所以我們比較ETF時,除了比較基金的總成本開支比率,也要看看它會否出現太大的溢價。

我們在哪裡看到ETF的溢價或折讓呢?一般的網上報價網站,都會列出來它的資產值,或可以去到ETF的網站查看。我們把ETF的市價和資產值做比較便可以知道了。


圖3:南方東英恒生科技指數ETF資產淨值(來源ETF網頁)

話得說回來,這一隻追蹤恒生科技指數的ETF,並不是獨市生意,未來會有更多發行商推出同類的ETF,到時可以貨比三家。

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